Biological Studies on Cotton Mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) under Laboratory Conditions
Hassan
Nabil
Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
The studies were carried out on the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) in Scale Insects and Mealybugs Department Laboratory, Plant Protection Research Institute, Sharkia Branch during the period extended from July to October 2015 to study the developmental stages periods of the insect under laboratory conditions 25 ± 1˚C, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod 12 hrs. Three numphal instars were recorded for males and females but males had an additional stage that pupal stage. The results indicated that eggs incubation period was 1.06 days for males and females. The developmental periods for first, second and third nymphal instars, adult female longevity, life cycle and generation were 6.15, 7.26, 7.81, 18.91, 41.20 and 26.95 days, respectively. The developmental periods for first, second and third nymphal instars, pupal stage and adult male longevity were 5.91, 7.06, 6.68, 6.12 and 2.97 days, consecutively. The sex ratio was 1: 6.65 male and female, respectively. This study may be useful information for mass rearing and designing a comprehensive pest management program and prediction models for the cotton mealybug.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
1
6
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_11994_f5c01ddd058c2878032218990a71be02.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.11994
Annual Occurrence and Population Dynamics, of Cotton Aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover on Specific Host Plants at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Ibrahim
A.
Plant Protection Res., Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
H.
Megahed
Plant Protection Res., Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
This study was conducted at Zagazig region, Sharkia Governorate during the period extended from the end of November, 2013 till early December, 2015 to determine host plants list of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, occurrence on hosts, in addition to figure its annual population dynamic on the important economic and weeds/wild plant hosts to employ these information in preparing effective integrated aphids management program. The obtained results revealed that the cotton aphid colonized wide range of 37 economic host plant species and 23 weeds/wild plant species follow 22 plant families. The highest occurrence ratio of 38.9 %, was recorded on the family Malvaceae plants while, the lowest one of 0.069 % recorded on the family liliaceae (garlic plants). The mean numbers of A. gossypii were varied as host plant variation where the highest occurrence ratio of 16.81 % was recorded on cotton plants; Gossypium barbadenc L. followed by okra plants, Hibiscus esculentus L. presented 11.456 %; while the lowest ratio of 0.043 % was recorded on aellen-wild beet, Beta vulgaris Perennis. In regarded to the weed/wild plants the highest harboring ratio of 5.023% was recorded on purslane, Pertulaca oleracea while the lower ratio of 0.079 % was recorded on yellow weed sorrel, Oxalis corniculata plants.
The cotton plants, G. barbadenc found harbored A. gossypii with longest periods extended from early April till early October during growing season of 2014 and from early- may till mid-October 2015, with the highest peak of 320 individuals / leaf recorded at 15th August, 2014; followed by the peak of 270 individuals / leaf recorded at 30th July, 2015 on lantana plants.
In regarded to the general annual population dynamic, there were two critical activity periods, where the aphids recorded on limited number of plant hosts and with low numbers, the 1st period extended from 6th Feb., till 5th Apr., 2014 with 16 hosts only and the population density ranged 1 individual/leaf on scarlet pimpernel, Anagallis avensis to 47 individual/leaf on little mallow, Malva parriflora . The 2nd activity period from 2nd Jan., till 20th Feb., 2015 with 14 host only and the population density ranged from 1 individual/leaf on shepherd purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris to 66 individual/leaf on little mallow, M. parriflora. That means the obvious hosts play important role in the annual dispersal and dynamic of A. gossypii inter between its main and alternative hosts throughout the activity periods.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
7
18
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_11995_aa25b18ccbaf2a045d38e8a753446483.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.11995
Studies on Some Parasitoids of Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover, (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Cucumber Plants in Egypt
Saleh
A.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
H.
El-Sharkawy
Plant Production Dept., Faculty of Technology & Development, Zagazig University, Egypt.
author
F.
El-Santel
Plant Production Dept., Faculty of Technology & Development, Zagazig University, Egypt.
author
Rehab
Abd El-Salam
Plant Production Dept., Faculty of Technology & Development, Zagazig University, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
The present study was conducted to survey and population density of aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting cucumber plants and its parasitoids were investigated at Diarb Nigem district during two season 2015 and 2016. Three primary parasitoids Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall), Diaeretiella rapae (M Intosh) and Binodoxys angelica (Haliday) and a hyperparasitoid, Pachyneuron sp. ((Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)), were recorded. Primary parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum was the highly dominant species by relative density 53.76 and 52.24%, followed by D. rapae 22.58 and 27.73%, Binodoxys angelica 15.06 and 12.14%, while the hyperparasitoid , Pachyneuron sp., occurred by 8.60 and 7.89%, during 2015 and 2016 seasons respectively. The percentage of parasitism ranged from 3.14 % to 21.0 % in 2015, while it is starting by 2.66 % to reach its maximum 42.66% in 2016. Total developmental period of the parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum was 14.67 ± 1.16 days at 18.30°C ±1°C and 64 ±2RH%. Investigation the behaviour of the same parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum at varying host densities showed increase number of sting and number of mummies increased with increase of host density but decrease leaf arrival times and host arrival times with increasing . The obtained results showed that the longevity of the parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum was affected by temperatureand food supply.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
19
30
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12090_a17d8a943ea57b0de117dbf08055219c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12090
Relationship Between Developmental Stages of Predator nephus includens (kisch) (coleoptera: coccinellidae) Reared on Certain Mealy Bug Species and the Required Thermal Units.
Saleh
A.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki
author
Ghanim
.A.
Economic Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt
author
Mohamed,
E.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki
author
Sh.
Ali
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki
author
text
article
2017
eng
The present work was conducted to study the relationship between the developmental stages of the predator Nephus includens (Kisch) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and the required thermal units at three constant temperatures, (20, 25 and 30ºC) on certain mealy bug species (Planococcus citri Risso, Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green).
The results indicated that, the duration of the predator was longer at 20ºC. As temperature increased from 20-30ºC the longevity decreased, the lower thermal threshold for the development of N. includens 10.9, 10.6 and 11.1ºC for eggs , 6.4, 2.1 and 0.7ºC for larvae, 8.4, 5.6 and 11.9ºC for pupa while it were 0.1, 3.2 and 1.9ºC for the total duration from (egg to adult). The heat units requirement for the development of eggs were 90.1, 92.4 and 91.5 DD's , for larvae were 387.7, 328.1 and 382.5 DD's, for the pupa 325.8, 308.1 and 390.1 DD's while it were 713.8, 674.2 and 765.3 DD's for the development period of P. citri, I. seychellarum and M. hirtsutus respectively. The lower thermal threshold for longevity (female and male) of N. includens were 12.8 & 18.4, 10.9 and 13.2& 22.8 & 48.7, meanwhile, the heat units requirement for longevity of (female and male) were 2779.8 & 2513.7, 2709.9 and 2380.7 & 2432.4 & 4206.2 on the same mealy bug species, respectively. The average of total consumption per larva was the highest at 25 + 1ºC and when this predator fed on the mealy bug species P. citri during its larval stage.
The results revealed that, the longevity of the predator adult stage decreased with increasing the temperature degrees. The highest consumption rate per female was at 30 + 1ºC comparing with the other temperature degrees. The number of deposited eggs per female was the highest (185.74 + 1.92 eggs) when female reared on P. citri at 25 + 1ºC. Obtained results provide essential information for predicting the field population of the predator N. includens, releasing time on certain mealy bug species for controlling these pests and it's recommended to be an item of Integrated Pest Management Programs in Egyptian field designed to control certain mealy bug species.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
31
40
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12091_15b36e4c6896344cc99e254eb3940dd6.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12091
The Economic Importance of the Greater Date Moth, Arenipses sabella Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Gameel
M.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, MOA, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
Since the end of the twentieth century, field observations and farmers' complaint indicated that, Arenipses sabella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) became a major pest attacks the date palm trees. There is no any accurate data on the extent of economic damage and loss of yield. The aim of this study is to determine the extent of the spread of this pest and the nature of the damage and percentage of loss in the yield under El-Kharga Oasis conditions.
Different larval instars were observed in full activity status in the frond bases during mid-January. Unopened spadix of the date palm males recorded the earliest infestation during the last week of January. Meanwhile, slightly infestation was recorded on spathes of the females during the end of March.
Over 80% of the inspected date palm in El-Kharga Oasis was found infested with A. sabella. Bunch bases infestation with A. sabella larvae ranged between surface and ⁄or cut damage. Cut bunch bases (CBB) caused by the pest is considered as economic injury lead to bunch base broken and causeeffected damage to the fruits and affect its quality. This usually happens during August when bunches are heavy enough and then these infested bunches are unable to bear their weight.
During 2015 and 2016 seasons, the general average of the total and surface bunch bases infestations was 22.07 and 12.95% and 18.32 and 8.27%, respectively.
After examining 25 date palm groves during two successive seasons, it was observed that, the highest (CBB) per one date palm tree was 62.50%.
Throughout the first season, the cut bunch bases due to the greater date moth infestation ranged between 0.00 and 21.62% with an average of 9.12%.This ratio ranged between 3.73 and 18.61 % with an average of 10.05% during the second season. Under El-Kharga Oasis conditions, the main date palm cultivar (Saidi) suffered from A. sabella attacks where, the general average of the cut bunch bases was 9.58%. It can be said that, this value reflects economic damage and loss of the fruit yield.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
41
49
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12092_56846b5fe1b7d8986d89d3b73fc50a0a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12092
A review About the Role of Hygienic Behavior as A defense Mechanism of Honey Bee against the Parasitic Mites and Diseases
Mohamed
Amro
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
Abdulraouf
Amro
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
Hygienic behavior in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is measured by determining the rate at which the bee uncap and remove dead sealed broad. This collected review described the mechanism of hygienic against the parasitic mite (Varroa destructor), as well as, the brood diseases (Chalk Brood and American Foulbrood). Breeding hygienic disease resistant bees as an important option was determined by some investigators. However, heritability of hygienic behavior against Varroa was discussed by other investigators. Some researches were conducted to assess the performance of commercially bred honey bee queens sold as resistant to the parasitic mite, V. destructor. Physiological susceptibility and hygienic behavior affect chalk brood disease incidence in worker and drone larvae in honey bees (A. mellifera) took attention by others. Control of American Foulbrood disease in commercial apiaries through the use of queens selected for hygienic behavior was discussed in some articles. A comparison of the hygienic response of Africanized and European (A. mellifera carnica) honey bees to Varroa-infested brood in tropical areas was also investigated. An annotated list contains scope of study, authors and the studied area was concluded.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
51
64
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12093_52f3bd376ff735cf483867317a201bc1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12093
Seasonal Abundance of Certain Piercing Sucking Pests on Cucumber plants In Egypt.
Saleh
A.
Plant Production Dept., Faculty of Technology & Development, Zagazig University, Egypt
author
H.
El-Sharkawy
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
F.
El-Santel
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
Rehab
Abd El-Salam
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
Experiments were carried out at Diarb Negim district, Sharkia Governorate to study certain piercing sucking pests infestation and their associated predators on cucumber plants during two successive seasons 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 . The dominant insect pests were cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), Thrips tabaci (Lindquist) and a few numbers of Jassid as well as Nezara viridula F. Whereas, the prevailing associated predators were Orius spp., Metasyrphus corollae F., Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.), Coccinella undecimpunctata L. and a few number of Paederus alfierii (Koch) and true spiders. The infestation with A. gossypii and B. tabaci were much higher in autumn plantations than in summer plantations in both seasons of study, while, T. tabaci could be detected in few number on cucumber plants during autumn plantation in both seasons. In autumn plantation, Orius spp. had two peaks of activity in both years. The two peaks were recorded on the 1st and the 3rd November (17 and 23 individuals/30 leaves, resp.) in 2014 season and (9 and 12 individuals/30 leaves) in 2015 season. In the same regards, during summer plantation, Orius spp. had two peaks of activity on the 2nd of May and the 1st of June (48 and 31 individuals/30 leaves) in2015 season. Also, Metasyrphus corollae had two peaks of activity on 4th of April and 1stof May (3 and 17 individuals/30 leaves. Chrysoperla carnea had two peaks of activity on 2nd and 4th of May (3 and 15 individuals/30 leaves).Statistical analysis showed that temperature and relative humidity were significant with some insects and insignificant with the others.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
65
79
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12094_af42d4a8787a6eee4ebb0044c4f2e701.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12094
Ecological Studies on Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and Its Associated Natural Enemies on Mango Trees at Qaliobiya Governorate, Egypt.
Marwa
Amer
Scale Insects and Mealybugs Research Dept., Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C, Dokii, Giza, Egypt.
author
Salem
A.
Plant Protection Dept., Fac. of Agric. Ain shams Univ; Egypt.
author
Hanafy
H.
Plant Protection Dept., Fac. of Agric. Ain shams Univ; Egypt.
author
Ahmed
Ahmed
Scale Insects and Mealybugs Research Dept., Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C, Dokii, Giza, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
Studies on some ecological aspects of Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and its associated parasitoids and predators on mango trees were carried out at Benha district, Qaliobiya Governorate, Egypt, during two successive years (2014- 2015 and 2015- 2016). The obtained results showed that A. tubercularis had four peaks of activity during April, June, September and January and also, had four overlapping generations in the two seasons of study. Three species of predators were Chrysoperlla carnae (Stephens), Hemisarcoptes coccophagus (Meyer) and Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus) and three parasitoids species were Habrolepissp. Encarsia sp.and Aphytis sp. were found associated with A. tubercularis on mango leaves. The highest population was in autumn and summer and lowest population was in winter. The heaviest infestations of A. tubercularis were recorded in south and east directions and the upper leaf surface was preferable compared with the lower.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
81
89
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12095_5ab201bf6ab79fb0e9a03ba79ae2e5be.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12095
Efficiency of Some Therapeutic Essential Oils as Antibacterial and Antioxidants on Some Biochemical Parameters of Infected Silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Marwa
Moustafa
Sericultural Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center
author
Eman
Hassan
Sericultural Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center
author
text
article
2017
eng
Silkworm was infected with Bacillus thuringiensis then treated with three concentrations (0.5, 0.75 and 1%) of three specific oils (citrus specific Orange, chamomile and Lavander) to determine their ability as antioxidants and anti-bacterial for recovering the damage occurred in silkworm heamolymph through evaluating some biochemical changes in Lipid peroxidation (MDA) , Protein Carbonyl Contents (PCC) as a biomarker of damage happened in Lipids and protein, also Alanin Transaminases(ALT) , Aspartate transaminases (AST) and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that (0.5 and 0.75%) of citrus oil was the most effective oil, followed by (1% and 0.75%) chamomile oil which recorded the least damage for PCC and MDA, respectively and highly antioxidant capacity however (0.5% , 0.75%) citrus oil recoded the least value in (ALT) and (AST) of the two concentrations compared with other oils and control.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
91
98
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12096_40cbbdc76d93e0dc7e228f354ef89e61.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12096
Assessment of Different Imported Hybrids of Mulberry Silkworm,Bombyx mori L. in Egypt
Rehab
Taha
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center
author
Eman
Hassan
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center
author
Marwa
Moustafa
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center
author
text
article
2017
eng
Two different Thai hybrids (1 and 2) of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. were reared under the Egyptian climatic conditions. The fitness of imported hybrids was compared with Egyptian hybrid (as a control) in different aspects. Biological parameters viz; egg hatching percentages, larval weight, Effective Rate of Rearing (ERR), cocooning and pupation percentages, pupal weight and egg fertility were recorded. Economical parameters viz; cocoon, cocoon shell weights and cocoon shell ratio, as well as, technological parameters viz; filament length, weight, size and silk percentage were studied. Mature larval haemolymph total proteins, free amino acids, protease and transaminases (GOT and GPT) enzymes were measured colorimetrically. Imported hybrids were significantly higher than the local in most of the tested parameters. Hybrid 1 recorded a significant increase in: larval wt, cocoon shell %, randitta, as well as, filament length, size and silk percentage. While Hybrid 2 was significantly higher in hatching and pupation percentages. Haemolymph total proteins and free amino acids were significantly high in both hybrids 1 and 2 compared with local one. The same trend was observed for tested protease and transaminases enzyme activities. It may be recommended to use these two imported hybrids in the breeding programs as parents for the production of superior local hybrids.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
99
105
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12097_83a00f38c9e2d7388696506dcca9256e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12097
The Effect of Magnetic Force and Magnetic Water on Behavior and Population of Tetranychus urticae and Esuseis scutalis on Soybean in the Laboratory and Field.
Abd El-Rahman
A.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
Two experiments were carried out to study the effects of magnetic force and magnetic water on two spotted spider mites Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Esuseis scutalis (El-Badry) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) .In the first experiment leaflets of infested soybean with T. urticae and E. scutalis were passed through different concentrations of magnetic force and magnetic water at different time intervals the concen-trations of magnetic force and magnetic water in the laboratorywere 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gausses, respectively, while Magnetic force and magnetic waterin the field were1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 Gausses, respectively. The second experiment was conducted by sprayed the infested leaflets to T. urticae and E. scutalis at three time intervals. The results in both experiments revealed thatthe numbers of two tested mites were reduced after treated with magnetic force or magnetic water. Also, the data indicated that magnetic force wasthe most effect on adults and the eggs stage of T. urticae, but was the least effective on E. scutalis, while magnetic water was moderate effect on eggs and adults of two tested mites. Under the field condition the magnetic force was the most effect on behavior and population of T. urticae andE. scutalis, while magnetic water was moderate effect on the population and behavior of eggs and motile stages to T. urticae and adults of E. scutalis
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
107
115
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12098_aa42a5a071ed26565585ae09ffe9214b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12098
Response of Some Cotton Varieties to Infestation of two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the Predator, Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) El-Badry (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Relation with Its Chemical Composition
Mead
M.
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
H.
Al-Shannaf
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
M.
Khedr
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
O.
Mohamed
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
A.
Darwesh
Cotton Research Institute, A.R.C, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
Field studies were carried out to evaluate seven cotton varieties i.e. Giza 86, Giza 87, Giza 88, Giza 92, Giza 93, Giza 94 and Giza 96 for their liability to two spotted red mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch infestation and its associated predacious phytoseiidae mite, Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot)during 2014 and 2015 cotton growing seasons at two different Governorates; Sharkia and Kafr El Sheikh. Giza 86 was the most susceptible variety in Kafr El Sheikh during the two successive seasons, while in Sharkia Governorate, Giza 92 and Giza 96 were the most response to T. urticae infestation during 2014 and 2015 seasons, respectively. Results showed the populations of phytoseiidae, E. scutalisv aried according to the tested varieties and growing seasons. G. 94 proved the highest significant yield in Kafr El Sheikh during the two successive seasons, recording 7.57±0.47 and 13.07±1.20 kintar during 2014 and 2015 seasons, respectively. While recorded in Sharkia (7.86±0.25 and11.60±0.20) in both 2014 and 2015 seasons. Moreover, temperature and humidity played a key role in the infestation abundance of T. urticae in tested cotton varieties. A positive relationship was found between mite infestation and both nitrogen and protein contents in tested cotton leaves. The varieties Giza 96 and Giza 86 recorded the highest significant amounts of both total protein and nitrogen manifested the highest significant infestation of mites in both Sharkia and Kafr El Sheikh, respectively.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
117
125
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12099_709a77fa4929678cc3fc5dbc33af79fa.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12099
First Record of Aenasius arizonensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as A solitary, Endoparasitoid of Cotton Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Infesting Different Host Plants at Giza Region in Egypt
Angel
Attia
Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
Kamal
Awadallah
Biological Control Lab., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
author
John
Noyes
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London
author
text
article
2017
eng
The primary parasitoid; Aenasius arizonensis (Girault)(= Aenasius bambawalei Hayat)is a solitary, endoparasitoid of Phenacoccus solenopsis emerged from its adult stage. It was recorded for the first timeon the two host plants Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) and Hibiscus rosa – sinensis (Malvaceae) with respective means of 9.8 and 5.1 individuals / branch during June 2016 at Giza region. After one month, (July), A. arizonensis was reported on five host plants; Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae), L. camara (Verbenaceae), Bidens bipimata (Compositae), Withania somnifera (Solanaceae) and H. rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae). Its mean numbers on the five surveyed host plants ranged from 9.0 to 13.6 individuals / branch. The number of A. arizonensis females varied with different host plants. The highest percents (65.45% & 63.33%) were reported on the two host plants; B. bipimata and H. rosa- sinensis, while the least percent of females (42.39%) associated with the host plant W. somnifera during July. The corresponding figures were 47.79% & 47.46% on the two host plants; S. nigrum and L. camara. Most of A. arizonensis females (85%) emerged from mummies of mealybug gravid females while most of A. arizonensis males (87.5%) were emerged from mummies of mealybug adult females Three hyperparasitoids; Chartocerus subaeneus (Forster) (Signiphoridae), Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet) (Encyrtidae) and Pachyneuron sp. were recorded associated with this primary parasitoid. The common hyperparasitois, C. subaeneus reduced the population of A. arizonensis, with a percent of 18 %. Its mean number ranged from 8.9 to 21.7 individuals / branch; the highest count was located on L. camara and the lowest on H. rosa-sinensis.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
127
134
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12100_61b4198e1878cf98702e964213c75a28.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12100
Efficiency of Some Plant Essential Oils Against the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch and the Two Predatory Mites Phytoseiulus persimilis )A.-H.), and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor).
Ashraf
Elhalawany
Fruit Trees Mites Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
Ahmed
Dewidar
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Horticultural Research Institute, Dokki, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
Seven plant essential oils were tested for their toxicity against eggs and adults of Tetranychus urticae Koch as well as adults of the two predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot,Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) under laboratory conditions. Essential oils were extracted with water distillation from lemon grass, spearmint, rosemary, marjoram herbs, fennel and coriander seeds and flower of chamomile, in five concentrations 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% and 0.5% were used for each essential oil. LC50 values for the adult females after 72h of T. urticae were 1.28, 0.85, 0.53, 1.61, 0.44, 3.11 and 0.46%, respectively. For these oils, LC50 values for eggs of T. urticae were 1.54, 6.44, 0.96, 1.72, 1.30, 14.67 and 0.95%, respectively. Chamomile, coriander, spearmint and rosemary proved to be the most efficient agent against eggs and adults of T. urticae. Results indicated that the mean number of laid eggs were highly decreased as concentration increased, the highest decreased was observed with T. urticae females treated with 4% conc. of coriander. It produced 4.7 eggs/female compared with 44.3 eggs/female in untreated females. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between seven essential oils against between P. persimilis and N. californicus after 48h. The LC50 values of the seven oils ranged between 7.09 and 9.63% for P. persimilis, where it ranged from 4.94 to 9.63 for N. californicus. The toxicity of all essential oils was lower to females of predacious mites than T. urticae. The data may suggest that essential oils of all seven plants have potential to be used for management of T. urticae and a good selectivity on the two predacious mites P. persimilis and N. californicus.The chemical composition of the essential oils was characterized by GC.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
135
147
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12101_3cfcc0e044d2518793cdf580fa285605.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12101
A new Species in the Genus Epitrimerus Nalepa (Acari: Eriophyidae) from Lantana camara L. in Egypt
Ashraf
Elhalawany
Fruit Trees Mites Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
A new species belonging to genus Epitrimerus Nalepa from Egypt is described and illustrated, namely Epitrimerus lantanae sp. nov. from Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). The new species is vagrant on the lower and upper leaf surfaces of their host plant. No damage to the host was observed. A key to the species of Epitrimerus in Egypt is provided. In addition, a list of all known species of eriophyoid mites found on Lantana sp. is also provided.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
149
160
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12102_e88edb2203b709e2f757575836d834ae.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12102
Incidence of Anobiid Boring Beetles (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) Attacking Furniture and Seasoned Wood in Egypt and Trials for Their Control.
Ahmed
Merghem
Department of Wood borers and Termites, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural
author
Nahed
Abd El-Ghany
Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, 2Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
Family Anobiidae or death-watch beetles is a coleopteran woody-injurious important family joined to superfamily Bostrichoidae which mainly devastates wooden articles and furniture and its products. Through this study a survey for these wood boring pests was undertaken in 8 Egyptian governorates; Alexandria, Damietta, Fayoum, Giza, Ismailia, Matrouh, Port Said and Sohag representing 5 different geographical regions of Egypt and 30 locations were visited at those governorates for that investigation. Two coleopterous anobiid boring beetles; the furniture beetle, Anobium punctatum (DeGeer) and the death-watch beetle, Nicobium castaneum (Olivier) were recognized in 16 and 8 surveying localities, respectively and their damage and infestation levels were determined. Laboratory screening experiments were provided with tested preparations of crude extracts of neem seeds Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Sapindales: Meliaceae), commercial Neemazal and Cidial pesticide for both remedial and protective targets. Neem extracts were mainly generated from organic solvents such ethanol and petroleum ether. Percentages of mortality and repellency rates were observed. A significant high protection level was achieved scoring 79.3 and 81.3 % for A. punctatum and N. castaneum, respectively while average mortality rates were 83.6 and 85.3 % for these two anobiids, respectively. Results of the laboratory tests encouraged a series of applied trials at the natural attacked localities to be undertaken comparing their efficiency.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
161
171
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12103_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12103
Leafhopper, Jacobiasca lybica (Bergevin And Zanon) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) On Okra Plants And Associated Parasitoids
Hendawy
S.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Egypt
author
S.
El-Fakharany
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Egypt
author
F.
Hegazy
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
The current study was conducted in 2016 at two locations; Sakha and El-Riad, Kafr El-Sheikh governorate. Okra plants were sown at rice borders, canals and dikes at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, and as a solid crop at El-Riad in an area of 1000 m2. At both locations, okra plants were naturally infested by the leafhopper, Jacobiasca lybica (Bergevin and Zanon) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). To determine the parasitoids associated with the leafhopper, okra leaves having the eggs and nymphs of the leafhopper were picked up. The eggs and nymphs were excluded and incubated into petri dishes to be monitored for the possible emergence of parasitoids. One leafhopper nymph, collected from okra in rice fields, was found to be parasitized by Aphelopus sp. (Dryinidae: Hymenoptera). The leafhopper eggs collected from okra in rice fields or solid okra, hatched for four egg parasitoids. Three species; Anagrus spp., Anagrus atomus L., Stethynium sp. are belong to Mymaridae, and one parasitoid, Oligosita sp. belong to Tricogrammatidae. Anagrus parasitoids were the most abundant, while other parasitoids were found in low populations. To study the population fluctuations of the leafhopper adults and associated parasitoid, Anagrus spp., yellow sticky traps were fixed close to okra plants at both locations. J. lybica exhibited three peaks of occurrence at each location, while the parasitoid exhibited three peaks on okra surrounding rice fields, and two peaks on solid okra. It was concluded that okra plants in rice fields received higher numbers of parasitoids than solid okra.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
173
179
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12104_2b2d78ceff06de75f7e10b33d040e976.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12104
Effect of Feeding some Diets as A pollen Grains Supplements during Spring Season on Some Activities of Honey Bee Colonies
El-sherif
E.
Plant Protection Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams university
author
Naglaa
Ghazala
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt.
author
Lotfy
Youssef
Plant Protection Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams university
author
Sobhia
Sayed
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
This work was conducted in the apiary of Plant Protection Research Institute at El-Quanater, Qaluobia Governorate to study the effect of some diets on activities of honeybee colonies during spring season of 2016. It was compared to seven treatments on Carniolan hybrid bee colonies treatment (A) was (Brewer,s yeast – chick pea cake fortified with 4.2% pollen as a protein supplement plus sugar syrup (1:1 ), treatment (B) was sugar syrup (1:1) added with pollen grains, treatment (C) was (Brewer,s yeast – chick pea cake fortified with 4.2% pollen as a protein supplement plus sugar syrup (2:1), treatment (D) was sugar syrup (1:1) added with vitamin (Royal star), treatment (E) was El-Quanater fresh pollen cake plus sugar syrup (1:1), treatment (F) was (Brewer,s yeast – chick pea cake fortified with 4.2% pollen as a protein supplement plus sugar syrup (1:1) added with 1% Camphor oil (10ml / litter) and treatment (G) was pollen substitute cake consists of (sugar + protein + attractive material+vitamins) plus sugar syrup (2:1), by counting the daily worker brood rearing rate, the stored honey weight, the stored pollen weight and the longevity of newly emerged bee workers. Results revealed that the best diet was treatment (C). It came the first in order and produced a higher brood rearing rate was 968.84 worker brood/ day with increase percentages of 127.28% when compared to the corresponding average in the colonies before feeding. The average weight of stored honey was 3502.92 grams/ colony with increase percentages of 433.78% when compared to that before feeding. No significant differences were observed among the diets in the weight of stored pollen but treatment (C) produced a higher weight of stored pollen was 249.03 grams/ colony with increase percentages of 315.54% when compared to that before feeding and the average longevity of caged newly emerged worker was 26.17 days.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
181
193
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12105_b1a6c06415d4dbd2e85ec6c544b28aa3.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12105
Ecological Studies on Cotton Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) on Eggplant at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Hassan
Nabil
Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
Field experiments were conducted on cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) which infested eggplant at Hihhya distract, Sharkia Governorate during two successive seasons 2015 and 2016. The population density, activity periods, the effects of some weather factors, number of insect generations and preferable leaf surface of of P. solenopsis were considered. The obtained results revealed that the total numbers of a live stages had four peaks of activity during the first season. They were in third week of June, third week of July, fourth week of August and second week of September. While, during the second season, three peaks of activity were noticed in the last week of June, first week of August and second week of September. The total effects of some weather factors such as maximum and minimum air temperature (˚C) and relative humidity percentage (R.H.%) showed positive significant relationship with the cotton mealybug population. P. solenopsis had three generations during the first and second seasons the first generation was taken seven weeks. While, the second and third generations took sex weeks. The first generation was during the period extended from the third week of May till the end of June, the second one took place from the first week of July till the second week of August and the third one was during the period extended from the third week of August till the third week of September. The insect pest preferred the lower leaf surface than the upper one during the first and second seasons.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
195
206
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12106_6bb6436c77cf184d8b8d2d0dcb31522a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12106
Relationship Between Honeybee Workers and Plum Orchards II. Its Role as A pollinator in Fruit Set and Quality
M.
Abd Al-Fattah
Department of Economic Entomology & Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
author
I.
Elshenawy
Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
author
E.
Tharwat
Department of Beekeeping, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture
author
Sarah
El-Dereny
Department of Beekeeping, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture
author
text
article
2017
eng
The present study was carried out on three plum cultivars; Golden Japanese, Hollywood and Santarosa during two successive seasons 2012 and 2013 to study the influence of different pollination treatments on fruit set and fruit characteristics of the studied cultivars.
Several sequential treatments were applied from 1 bee worker visit/ flower up to ten bee visits/ flower besides zero visit (self-pollination/ control) and open pollination treatments. The relationship between the foraging activity of honeybees in cross-pollinated flowers of plum cultivars and both fruit set and the main fruit characteristics were investigated. Bee foragers expressed significant benefit to plum cultivars on final fruit set as well as on fruit characteristics; fruit weight, fruit volume and Total Soluble Solids (T.S.S. %) improved fruit quality through decreasing fruit firmness.
Results of the present study showed direct improvements as a result of increased bee visits/ flower which were reflected on significant increase in fruit set when comparing self-pollination with open pollination. Results were 18.7%, 86.7%; 27.5%, 95.7%; 28.6%, 91.3% for season 2012 and 19.7%, 87.5; 26.9%, 96.0%; 26.1%, 94.7% for season 2013, for the three studied cvs., respectively.
Moreover, fruit characteristics showed positive effects of increasing bee visits/ flower were expressed as significant improving in fruit weight which increased by3.02, 2.26 and2.13 folds for Golden Japanese, Hollywood and Santarosa cultivars, respectively.
Consequently, significant improvements in final fruit set, fruit volume, T.S.S. % and firmness were recorded and presented. Thus, it can be recommended from results of the present study to maintain sufficient honey bee colonies in plum orchards that offer at least ten bee visits/ flower to increase fruit set and to achieve satisfactory improvement in yield and fruit characteristics.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
207
215
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12107_a8d6f853681742f2d54c71bd13da16ea.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12107
Evaluation Studies of Some Extracted Substances From Date Palm Tissues on Its Attracting Potential of The Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Eman
El-Rehawy
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most serious and destructive insect pest for date palm trees. Relative weevil trap attracting potential date palm tissues extracted substances on R. ferrugineus was evaluated in date plantations at El-Mansoria village, Giza Governorate, Egypt. Results indicated that the amino acids and indols attracted the adults of red palm weevils more than phenols. Moreover, sugars attracted the least number of adults compared with other substances.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
217
220
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12108_6b01001290cc088e5239fba5cc8c19e0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12108
Date Palm Host Preference of The Greater Date Moth, Arenipses sabella Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at New Valley Governorate-Egypt
Salah
Gameel
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, MOA, Egypt
author
Aly
Abd-Ella
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
author
Eman
Tolba
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture -New Valley, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
Field trials were conducted to investigate the infestation levels with the greater date moth, Arenipses sabella Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)on the bunches and fruits of two common date palms (Saidi and Tamr ) and the cereal cultivar (Mantor) in four Districts (El-Kharga, Paris, Balat and Mut) at the New Valley during 2015&2016 seasons.
Data of the two successive seasons in El-Kharga Oasis indicated that, Saidi (economic cultivar) was more preferred to attack by the greater date moth than Mantor. The average percentages of the cut bunch bases (CBB) which lead to loss the bunch fruits and express about the economic damage were (10.89 and11.20%) on Saidi and (3.08 and 2.00%) on Mantor, respectively. The fruit damage for both cultivars was not noticeable.
Under Mut district, the symptoms of damage by the greater date moth was different where, the pest prefer to attack the fruit than bunch bases. The larvae was seldom feed on bunch bases of Tamr cultivar where it recorded (0.27 and 0.22%) on Tamr and (6.67and 13.02%) on Saidi and the direct date fruit losses were (20.87 and 26.23 %) on Saidi and (47.21 and 44.62%) on Tamr during 2015 and 2016, respectively. The chemical analysis indicated that, Tamr bunch bases obtained highly Calcium and Potassium percentages (0.14 and 1.54%) than Saidi (0.12 and 1.38%), respectively. Meanwhile, the percentages of total protein and total carbohydrate (4.18 and 23.18%) were high in Saidi bunch bases than Tamr, respectively. Tamr fruits obtained highly total carbohydrate, Calcium, and Potassium percentages (61.62, 0.26 and 2.65%) than Saidi fruits (57.30, 0.14 and 1.69%), respectively. There was no significant ratio in the case of total protein.
Concerning to the incidence of A.sabella on Saidi variety across the four districts, this cultivar suffered from attacks with different levels.Above 80% of the tested Saidi date palm was infested.The general cut bunch bases (CBB) (about 11.00 %) was observed in El-Kharga. In Mut district,zero damage effect was obtained on the Saidi bunches and over than 20% of the Saidi fruits was lost directly.
In general, greater date moth has a large capacity to spread and infest all tested date palm under the New Valley conditions, where the average of infestation exceeded eighty percent making it one of the most important pests affecting date palm production in this governorate. Further ecological and biological studies on A. sabella to develop integrated pest management to combat this pest.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
221
230
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12109_82bf629b4df24a67b20ff0090f7c6481.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12109
Survey of the Olive Pests and Their Control in Egypt: A Review
Mohamed
Amro
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
This work aimed to identify the olive insect pests and their associated natural enemies recorded in Egypt by using the available literatures. Determination of the mites associated with olive groves is also took a beam of light. The collected articles exhibited the presence of 15 hexapod species belonging to 14 genera, 9 families and 4 orders in association with olive groves. Three predatory Acarid species were also recorded. The obtained data clear that, 60% of the recorded arthropod pests were belonging to order Homoptera. However, 20%, 13.33% and 6.67% of the recovered species were belonging to orders Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera, respectively. Fifty five parasitoid species belonging to 9 Hymenopteran families were recorded in association with arthropods infesting olive trees. The obtained data showed that 30.90% of the total identified parasitoid species were belonging to family Aphilinidae. It followed by family Encyrtidae by (27.27%). The remaining families can be arranged in descending order as follows: Pteromalidae by 10.91% > Braconidae by 9.10% > both of Euritomidae and Trichogrammatidae by 7.27% > Eupelmidae by 3.64% > both of Bethylidae and Chalcididae by 1.82%. The role of biological and chemical control procedures used to manage olive pests was determined. Parasitism of certain parasitoid species on the main olive arthropod pests was investigated. The impact of chemical and safe alternative compounds to reduce olive pests and their associated natural enemies has been discussed in more details.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
231
242
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12110_d2da15c07ba71473171f6f7e146f67fe.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12110
Studies on the Activities of Honey Bee Colonies under Environmental Circumstances in BeniSweif Governorate-Egypt.
E.
Zidan
Dept. of Apiculture, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
A.
Ghania
Dept. of Apiculture, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
Environmental Circumstances is playing an important role in honey bee activities. This study at apiary of the Agriculture Research Sids Station, BeniSweif Governorate middle Egypt, during the 2016seasons. Which that the from broad bean(Vicia faba), citrus (Citrus spp.), clover (Trifolium alexandrinum)and maize (Zea mays) pollen trapped grain were collected from the hives by using traps put on the entrance of honeybee colonies. The average values of the recorded temperatures ranged from 8.9 to 28.1°C and the averages of the recorded relative humidity values ranged from 48.9 to 79.70 % all over the years of study. There was a significant correlation between temperature or relative humidity and collecting pollen amount. Correlation coefficients were - 0.16 & -0.18 in broad bean pollen, - 0.07 & 0.07 in citrus pollen, 0.36 & -0.25 in clover pollen and -0.76 & -0.07 in maize pollen. On other hand the amount of pollen gathering fluctuating from plant source and date of collecting, and it's obvious that study conditions. On the other hand obvious that there is a significant effect of pollen trapping on the brood rearing activity which recorded 67.08 % reduction of brood activity in colony in Broad bean pollen season , 45.03 % in citrus pollen season, 43.30 % in clover pollen season and 17.68 % in maize pollen season. In the end we can conclusion the environmental ecology is important playing in different activity of honeybee colonies.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
243
251
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12111_fc8b03428481974ee95c31f0a2e86b28.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12111
Efficiency of Food Baits, Synthetic Attractants and Trap Type on Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) Trapping in Palm Plantations- Ismailia, Egypt- by Aggregation Pheromone Traps
El- Banna
A.
Central Laboratory For Palm Research, Arc, Egypt
author
Abbas
k.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Arc, Egypt
author
Hala,
A.
Central Laboratory For Organic Agricultue, Arc, Egypt
author
Ibrhium,
M.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Arc, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
Pheromone trapping of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) is considered an environmentally safe tool in the IPM adopted strategy worldwide in date palm plantations. Field trials were conducted in Kasassin District, Ismailia Governorate -Egypt, to enhance the RPW pheromone-trapping efficiency. The current study was carried out during two successive years from April 22nd, 2015 to October 10th,2016. Results indicated that captured weevils were significantly affected by trap types where PICUSAN® trap gave the highest captured number during the experiment period which lasted for 12 weeks, i.e. 119 adult weevils, followed by the bucket trap new that registered 90 weevils. Moreover, the combined effect of sugarcane honey, pheromone, ethyl acetate and pesticides gave more attractiveness than the other 4 tested combinations, i.e. 110 adult weevils were captured by this bait during the 12 weeks of the experiment, while the other four combinations captured 81, 44, 26 and 20 weevils. The least registered weevil’s number was in sugarcane honey and pesticides. This might due to the combined effect of such treatments. The efficacy of synthetic kairmone with different combination on the attraction of weevils was also investigated. The best combination was water, aggregation pheromone, palm tissue and molasses 15% in water with mixture (EtAc: EtOH, 1:3). This combination collected about 311 adults during the 12 weeks period of the experiment. The mixture (EtAc: EtOH, 1:3) was able to boost pheromone and was almost as effective as the use of the complete bait. Ethyl acetate alone does not improve the attraction power for aggregation pheromone. In addition, sex ratio was calculated and it was found that male: female ratio was 1:1.9.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
253
262
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12112_db27d13c9e14a6594d018978ef6163d9.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12112
Evaluation of Electromagnetic Resonance Designed Pulses for Controlling Potato Brown Rot Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum
Fadel
Ali
Faculty of Science-Cairo university
author
Naglaa
Balabel
Plant Pathology Res. Instit., ARC, Egypt
author
Kh.
Elmalki
Plant Protection Res. Instit., ARC, Egypt
author
A.
Elmaghraby
Engineering authority of Armed Forces
author
A.
Amin
Engineering authority of Armed Forces
author
text
article
2017
eng
One of the main problems facing potato production is brown rot. Potato brown rot is a systemic bacterial wilt disease caused by Aggressively colonize the xylem vessels causing a lethal wilting. Control of potato brown rot has proven to be a serious, very difficult and puzzling task. As a result it became one of the major obstacles in the total value of Egyptian potato exports . As potato brown rot was declared a quarantine disease of concern in the European Union.
This work aimed to asses the efficiency of very low waves to detect infestation of land and potatoes' tuber by brown potato rot as well as control that aggressive bacterium.
Rs-FAST device had been manufactured as specific detector of potato brown rot bacterium in both land and tubers. Results confirmed the efficiency of Rs-FAST device for that purpose. Results showed that, treating potato field by electromagnetic resonance pulses for one hour achieved 100% mortality of bacterium, Ralstonia solanacearum in soil and tubers. There was an insignificant difference between treating potato fields for one and two hours. Chemical analysis of certain potato leaves contents showed that, significant increase of total protein, total carbohydrates, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus of treating leaves. Chemical analysis of potato tubers confirmed the results of leaves. It means that, treating potato fields by very low pulses of electromagnetic resonance improved the nutritional values of potato tubers as well as increased the crop yield by about 15% of control.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
263
276
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12113_de137f4cfb993289b3020c96fa5a3ddc.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12113
Survey and Population Fluctuations of Arthropod Pests and Predators in Sweet Potato at Nile Delta, Egypt
Hendawy
S.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Egypt
author
S.
El-Fakharany
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Egypt
author
F.
Hegazy
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt
author
Mahmoud
Samy
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
Experiments were carried out at El-Riad district, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate during two successive growing seasons (2015 and 2016) to study the survey and population fluctuations of arthropod pests, insect predators and spiders in sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) (Apis Cultivar). The investigation revealed the presence of 26 Arthropods; 16 as pests and 10 as predators. Bemisia tabaci Genn.,(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was the most occurring (41.51 & 45.37%) followed by Tetranychus sp., (Acarina: Tetranychidae) (18.74 and 15.39%), Empoasca spp., (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) (13.24 & 14.15%), Agrius convolvuli (L.), (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) (7.12 & 6.18%), Nezara viridula (L), (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (6.90 & 6.09%) and Eysarcoris ventralis (Westwood), (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (6.27 & 5.66 %), in 2015 and 2016 season, respectively. The insect pests; Scantius aegyptius (L.), Gryllus domesticus L., (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and Aiolopus strepens (Latreille), ( Orthoptera: Acrididae) exhibited the least population densities. Spiders were the most occurring predators (49.30 & 43.27%) followed by coccinellids (34.43 & 32.66%) and Chrysoperla carnea Steph., (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (11.36 & 11.80%), in 2015 and 2016 season, respectively), the lowest predatory densities were those of Eupeodes corollae (F.), (Diptera: Syrphidae) (0.95 & 0.81%) in 2015 and 2016 season, respectively. The surveyed spiders by different sampling techniques were found belonging to 13 families; Araneidae, Clubionidae, Dictynidae , Dysderidae, Eutichuridae, Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae and Thomisidae, with araneid and lycosid being the most abundant. Pitfall traps proved to Coccinella undecimpunctata L. be the most efficient in collecting spiders, followed by sweep net, and hand catch. Predators were detected on sweet potato plants by mid or late June. The population density of Stethorus gilvifrons (Mulsant) was quite low and then increased gradually to exhibit its peak by the first week of August while, C. carnea adults peaked by the first week of September. The peak of C. undecimpunctata adult occurred on June 23 rd. Spiders recorded peaks by late June in 2015 and late July in 2016.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
277
285
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12114_712ba14b0381ba59850f7b7d948878af.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12114
Survey and Population Fluctuations of Arthropod Pests and Natural Enemies in Okra Plantations at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate
El-Fakharany
M.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Egypt.
author
Mahmoud
Samy
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Egypt.
author
F.
Hegazy
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt
author
Hendawy
S.
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
Survey and population fluctuations of arthropod pests and natural enemiesassociated with okra, Abelmoschus esculentus L. were conducted during 2015 and 2016 seasons at El-Riad district, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. The investigation revealed the presence of 23 arthropod species belonging to 17 families and 8 orders. Spiders were the most dominant predators and the population densities of spiders peaked in June, July, August, September and October. The survey of spiders on okra, achieved by pitfall traps and hand catch, revealed the occurrence of 12 families; Araneidae, Clubionidae, Dyctinidae, Dysderidae, Eutichuridae, Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, Tetragnathidae, and Theridiidae, with lycosids being the the most abundant. The following ranks were occupied by Araneidae and Philodromidae. The remaining families were slightly represented; Dysderidae, Clubionidae and Eutichuridae. The spider population was greatest collected by pitfall traps, and then, hand catch. Fifteen parasitoid species were detected, as belonging to 13 families using pitfall traps. Water pan traps captured 25 parasitoid species, belonging to 13 families, with Trichopria spp. being the most abundant parasitoid.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
287
301
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12115_e571cd32ccf8987b73b39304e89b945a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12115
Suitability of Two Sampling Methods for Determining the Population Trends of Certain Sap-Sucking Species Inhabiting Tomato and Cucumber Plantations
Mohamed
Amro
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
Abd El-Raheem
Abd El-Raheem
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
Alaa El-Deen
Salem
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2017
eng
Faunistic composition and seasonal abundance of certain sap-sucking species inhabiting tomato and cucumber plantations were determined by using sweep net and direct count methods, during summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 in Assiut Governorate, Northern Upper Egypt. Twelve species belonging to 8 families and 3 orders in addition to the acarid mite were recorded. Heteropteran species were found to be constituted 69.24% of the gathered species. However, Homopteran species were found to be constituted 15.38%. Thysanoptera and Tetranichidae were presented by 7.69% for each. Concerning to the sampling method, 76.92% of the collected species were captured by the sweep net method, while 23.08% were gathered by the direct count method. The recovered species were classified as predominantly predaceous, predominantly phytophagous, predaceous in part and phytophagous in part species. Seasonal abundance of the recorded species was determined. The distinct predators, Coranus aegyptius (Fabricius, 1775) and Orius spp. showed relatively low abundance percentages. The predatory-phytophagous mirid species [Campylomma unicolor Poppius, 1914; Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter, 1895); Creontiades pallidus (Rambur, 1839). and Deraeocoris serenus (Douglas & Scott, 1868)], showed different abundance percentages. Amongst these taxa, N. tenuis revealed the highest abundance percentage on tomato plantations with an average of 63.00 and 75.00% during 2015 and 2016 seasons, respectively. The distinct phytophagous species, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 1889; Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) and Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 presented the greatest abundance percentages on cucumber when estimated by the direct count method.So, this work can be reflect the importance of sweep net as a suitable sampling method for determine the faunistic composition of the flight predatory insects inhabiting tomato and cucumber. However, direct count can be consider the most suitable method for determine the population trends of mobile or non-mobile arthropods inhabiting the same crops. Also, use of more than one sampling method could be successful to clarify the relation between useful and harmful arthropod species.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
303
309
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12116_4bec709cb1e3dff6feb44e50ba1b2c4e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12116
Insecticides Application and the Egyptian Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) Permanent Larvae
Hassan
Dahi
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Doki, Giza, Egypt
author
Abdel-Rahman
Abdel-Rahman
Plant Protection Department, Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo, Egypt
author
Mahmoud
El-Bamby
Environment and Bio-Agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
author
Walaa
Gamil
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Doki, Giza, Egypt
author
Doaa
Rasheed
author
text
article
2017
eng
Permanent larva phenomenon is the elongation in the larval stage. This phenomenon occurs as a result of imbalance in insect hormones after treating the larvae with some insecticides such as insect growth regulators (IGR). This work aimed to explain this phenomenon as a result of treating S. littoralis 4th instar larvae with Spinetoram, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Chlorpyrifos and Emamectin Benzoate. Highly significant increase in larval duration was recorded in treated larva. Significant changes in total carbohydrates, total protein and total lipid contents as well as the main enzymes activities were recorded in the permanent larvae. Genetic differences between normal untreated S. littoralis and permanent larvae were also studied.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
311
322
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12117_2b85985d8fe389af900f16392a02bdab.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12117
Relationship Between Honeybee Workers and Plum Orchards I. Their Activity in Gathering Nectar and Pollen from Flowers
M.
Abd Al-Fattah
Department of Economic Entomology & Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
author
I.E
Elshenawy
Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
author
E.
Tharwat
Department of Beekeeping, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt.
author
Sarah
El-Dereny
Department of Beekeeping, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt.
author
text
article
2017
eng
The activity of honey bee foragers in collecting pollen, nectar or both from flowers of three plum, (Prunus sp.) cultivars (cvs.) was investigated during the flowering season of two successive years,(2012 &2013) on plum orchard at El-Qalubia Governorate, Egypt. In general, Hollywood plum cultivar was significantly more attractant to bee foragers than Santarosa and Golden Japanese cvs.,during two studied seasons. For all studied cultivars, honeybee workers visited flowers throughout the day time with highest activity at 2 p.m. Highest percentage of pollen gathered was recorded on flowers of Hollywood cultivar 37.7% & 35.4%, followed by Golden Japanese 29.9% & 28.2% then Santarosa flowers 26.1% & 27.4% during the two seasons, respectively. Activity of pollen collection was concentrated in the early time of day for all cultivars with the highest peak at 11 a.m., (mean of 40.9%), while the lowest value was 20.4% at 5 p.m. In the other hand, Golden Japanese flowers were significantly attracted the nectar foragers than Santarosa and Hollywood flowers through the two seasons, (37.3% & 36.4%; 34.8% & 33.1% and 28.0% & 27.6% for the previous plum cultivars, respectively). Nectar gathering activity by honeybee from all plum cultivars was strongly concentrated in the second half of day time with a highest mean percentage (43.0%) at 2 p.m.
The collection of both nectar and pollen in the same trip by one forager was also observed on the three studied plum cultivars during the two seasons of study. Santarosa flowers attained the first rank encouraging honeybee workers for gathering the both types of food, (39.3%) followed by (35.6%) for Hollywood and (34.2%) for Golden Japanese, (as a mean of two seasons). The more favorite time for this activity pattern is early morning, (44.3%) or late afternoon, (41.8%) with no significant difference between them as a mean of two successive seasons.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
223
233
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12118_0e8aad1cbd6f33a9587623f805d96f86.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12118
Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus oliver and Its Economic Negative Impact on Palm and Production of Date in Qassim
Faekaa
Bilal
Faculty of Economics and Administration - Qassim University Saudi Arabia – Qassim
author
Huda
Ibrahim
Faculty of Economics and Administration - Qassim University Saudi Arabia – Qassim
author
Sally
Al Awadhi
Faculty of Economics and Administration - Qassim University Saudi Arabia – Qassim
author
text
article
2017
eng
The Kingdom second in the world in dates production, after the United Arab Emirates, which strengthens the position of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries as the largest countries in the production of dates, and Iraq is in third place, representing 25% of the world production.
The Government of the Kingdom has recognized the importance of dates as a national strategic crop with its nutritional value and economic importance and its role in achieving national food security. It has prepared many incentive programs that support investment in the production and processing of dates in the Kingdom. The most important of these are the granting of medium- For farmers to purchase machinery, pumps, irrigation systems and agricultural equipment, subsidize agricultural equipment and irrigation equipment and grant agricultural licenses for palm projects. The agricultural sector is a productive sector and contributes effectively to the GDP with a capital of about 54 billion riyals and an area of about 700 thousand hectares in 2016. The Qassim region is considered one of the agricultural areas in Saudi Arabia which is characterized by abundant groundwater and arable land, Cultivation of date palms with high date productivity.
With regard to the history of date palm trees in Saudi Arabia, it is noted that it has achieved a global position in the field of date palm cultivation and date production, in terms of palm growing, number and quantity of production. It is one of the largest palm branches in the world, producing annually 1,122 million tons of more than 25 million Palm. The Qassim region is the second largest in the Kingdom, producing more than 6 million palm trees.
Therefore, the Ministry of Agriculture and the competent authorities and farmers are seeking to protect date palms from the diseases that afflict it, especially the insect pests that kill it and make the farmers lose many palm trees annually.
The problem is the negative economic effects of palm trees by palm weevil, which reduces date production in the Qassim region during the period 2010-2016. It has been shown that it leads to a decrease in production and productivity and low incomes of farmers due to high resistance costs in Qassim region, the main objective of the research is to shed light on the negative economic effects of palm Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus oliver on production. Preliminary data sources were obtained through the use of a questionnaire Survey for a random sample (30 farms) and interviews of date farmers in the region, as well as secondary data sources represented in books, references, annual reports and the International Information Network.
The study found that a large number of palm tree farms were destroyed and the production of tuna was reduced. Thus, the quantity of dates produced decreased. The study also found that the costs of the eradication of Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus oliver amounted to SR 127,800 million in the season. The study recommended the need to control the Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus oliver and to reduce their spread by raising farmers' awareness of the importance of resistance to Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus oliver when preparing for the agricultural season
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
235
250
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12119_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12119
Field and laboratory Studies for the Life Cycle of Wheat Spike Weevil Pachtychius hordei (Brulle) Coleoptera, curculionidae in El-Marj Region in the East of Libya
Jamila
Eloseily
Department of Resources and Environment. Faculty of Arts and Sciences - University of Benghazi
author
text
article
2017
eng
The objective of this study is to determine the life cycle of wheat spike weevil Pachtychius hordei (Brulle) Coleoptera, curculionidae in El-Marj region in the East of Libya during 2015 to 2016. The study is applied on weeds and grain crops fields (wheat and barley). By field visiting every two weeks from Mid-February to harvesting time (end of May) it also continued after harvesting season. According to the obtained results, P. hordie distributed on all El-Marj regions, on Fam. Graminea (weeds, Barley and Wheat), the adults are feeding on leaves, which laying one egg in the grain (Lactic stage, ¼ of grain size), hatched larva feed on the grain and at the end it moves to the soil to pupate, in the next season emerges as adult. It has one generation each year, but some adults have a summer dormancy.
They stay alive to the next season but become pale, and start laying eggs on weeds and early plants of wheat and barley and then they invade all the field.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
251
25
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12120_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12120
A Review Article : The Effect of Agricultural Practices on The Abundance and Biodiversity of Soil Fauna
Marguerite
Rizk
Plant Protection Research Institute, (ARC), Egypt
author
Wafai
Mikhail
Department of Natural Resources, Institute of African Research & Studies, Cairo University.
author
Mona
Ghallab
Plant Protection Research Institute, (ARC), Egypt,
author
Ayman
Zaki
Plant Protection Research Institute, (ARC), Egypt,
author
Nadia
Habashi
Plant Protection Research Institute, (ARC), Egypt,
author
Ayda
Iskander
Plant Protection Research Institute, (ARC), Egypt,
author
text
article
2017
eng
In this review, we summarize recent researches on the effects of agricultural practices on the abundance and biodiversity of arthropod soil fauna with special reference to spiders. This article examines the detrimental effects of such of these practices intensification and considers agriculture practices which aim to protect soil fauna from decline. Modern agricultural practices, including tillage and intensive use of conventional insecticides, have been broadly linked to the declines in biodiversity in agro-ecosystems. The organic farming, soil solarization, intercropping, poly-culture, mono-culture, crop rotation and fertilizer, are also discussed. Biodiversity refers to diversity of genera ,species and ecosystems. Also we discuss the best way to apply sustainable agriculture which increase population density of soil fauna and conserve biodiversity.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
1687-8809
10
v.
7
no.
2017
257
276
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12121_8698f15d058df6ea710efd916af00357.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2017.12121