Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Efficacy of Modified Atmospheres in Controlling Museum Insect Pests, Anthrenus verbasci (Coleopetra: Dermestidae) and Tinea pellionella (Lepidopetra: Tineidae) >>
1
7
EN
Nagwa
H.
El-Shafeay
Center of Researches & Conservation of Antiquities, Cairo, Egypt
Hoda
M.
Abdel Fattah
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
Mohamed
A.
Abdou
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
Ahmed
A.
Darwish
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University
Sawsan
S.
Darwish
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University.
Bahira
M.
El Sawaf
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12523
This report presents the results of the first laboratory investigation for the control of insect pests of museums, using the modified atmosphere (MA). The efficacy of using (MA); including argon or nitrogen gases against the larvae and adults of <em>Anthrenus verbasci</em> and <em>Tinea pellionella</em> was evaluated. The lethal time (LT<sub>50</sub> and LT<sub>95</sub>) was determined for different exposure periods at 20ᵒC and 30ᵒC. Argon atmosphere achieved higher mortality than nitrogen for both insect species. The adults were more sensitive than larvae and the mortality was generally higher at elevated temperature. The univariant factorial ANOVA was used to clarify the relationship between the types of gases, the time of exposure and temperature to achieve higher mortality percentages of adults and larvae of both pests. The exposure to an atmosphere of approximately 0.01% oxygen and 99.9% argon or nitrogen was successful in limiting survival of the tested pests among the developmental stages and this condition is accelerated by warmer temperature (30˚C), with the exposure time required to give complete kill, being shorter for argon.
Anthrenus verbasci,Tinea pellionella,modified atmospheres,Argon,nitrogen,museum pests
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12523.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12523_042db619ea3ed11e3e2c16c8058379a7.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Temperature-Based Life History and Life Table Parameters of the Two Spotted-Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on White Frangipani
9
16
EN
Reham
I. A.
Abo-Shnaf
0000-0002-4033-9063
Vegetable and Aromatic Plant Mites Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokii, Giza, Egypt
riamaboshnaf@yahoo.com
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12526
The effect of three constant temperatures on life history and life table parameters of the two spotted-spider mite, <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> Koch on White Frangipani (<em>Plumeria alba</em>) leaves was estimated under laboratory conditions. The two spotted-spider mite was reared on units made of <em>P. alba </em>leaves at 20, 25 and 30±2 °C and 70±5% relative humidity. Mites successfully completed their development and reproduced at all tested temperatures, where the developmental time, oviposition period, adult longevity and life span decreased with increasing temperatures, while daily oviposition rate and fecundity increased with increasing temperatures. The high reproduction rate of 106.00 eggs/ female suggested that the high temperature degree (30ºC) was assessed to be one of the best degrees to help the individuals to perform and oviposit faster in regard to the acceleration of life cycle period to 6.03 and 4.63 days respectively in female and male. The results indicated that <em>T. urticae</em> had a wide range of temperature for its development, however, the highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (<em>r</em><sub>m </sub>= 0.3057) occurred at 30 ºC, where the population increased fastest at this temperature.
Tetranychus urticae,Developmental rate,Survivorship,Reproduction,Plumeria alba,Egypt
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12526.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12526_0f1a8f64638f8ac1bcf80df45ee8312c.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Interpretation of Susceptibility Phenomenon of Four Tomato Cultivars to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).
17
28
EN
El-Badawy
S.
Plant protection Research Institute- Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Azza
K.
Emam
Department of Plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
S.
Moussa
Plant protection Research Institute- Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Heba
A.
Al-Ghanam
Plant protection Research Institute- Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
S.
Darbin
Plant protection Research Institute- Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12529
The selected four tomato cultivars {(Alissa F1, Super strain B, G.S 12 F1and Logain (E603 F1)} differed in their susceptibilities to the tomato borer, <em>Tuta absoluta </em>in the two studied successive years (2013 and 2014). Seasonal abundance of this pest was higher in early summer and summer plantations of year 2013 than that recorded in year 2014. The highest seasonal mean number was recorded on Alissa cultivar for both studied years followed by Super strain cultivar then G.S. cultivar. While the lowest mean number was achieved with Logain cultivar.
The essential oil analysis by GC/MS of four tomato cultivars leaves revealed the presence of 33 peaks. A total of 33 components of the essential oil were identified. Aliphatic hydrocarbons terpenes compounds were found to be the most abundant volatiles in the four tomato cultivars except G.S. cultivar. The analyses revealed that the major identified aliphatic hydrocarbon components in the leaves oil of Logain and Alissa tomato cvs. (The lowest and the highest infestation with <em>T</em>. <em>absoluta</em>) were Octacosane, Hexacosane, Triacontane, Heptacosane, Nonacosane, Tetratriacontane, Hexatriacontane and Tetracosane. Susceptibility interpretation of Logain and Alissa tomato cvs. to <em>T</em>. <em>absoluta</em> may be attributed to the presence of high contents of the toxic and repellent hydrocarbons octacosane and hexacosane in Logain tomato cv. and high content of the attractant hydrocarbon tetracosane in Alissa cv. From these results it can be recommend to use the tolerable Logain tomato cultivar in breeding programs and also, preparing a commercial product/formulation from hydrocarbons octacosane and hexacosane to be used as repellent and tetracosane as a trap to<em> T. absoluta</em>.
Tomato cultivars,Tuta absoluta,Essential oils,susceptibility
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12529.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12529_049c612454ce2beb3b8d904348ab56b0.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Bioactivity of Trichoderma (6-Pentyl α-pyrone)against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
29
34
EN
Salwa
Sholla, M.
E .
Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) Giza – Egypt
Metwally
R.
Kottb
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12532
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Times; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: HI;" lang="EN-GB">Several Trichoderma species<br />are used as biocontrol agents due to their high potentiality to produce a wide<br />array of bioactive secondary metabolites; (some of these metabolites are low<br />molecular weight volatiles). <em>Trichoderma asperellum</em> was isolated from<br />the rhizosphere of Zea mays at Ismailia, which showed high antifungal and<br />nematoicidal activity from our preliminary experiments. Bioactivity of <em>T. asperellum</em><br />against mite <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> koch was tested. Data showed that high<br />mortality was observed after exposure time (48 hrs.) and reached 100%. The<br />major volatile compound emitted from <em>T. asperellum</em> was identified to be<br />6-pentyl- α-pyrone (6PP), with rate 450 ng/µl. This high level of 6PP motivated<br />us to apply different concentrations of pure compound (0.125, 0.25, 0.50 and<br />1mM of 6PP (sigma) to find out their effect</span>
Trichoderma,Volatiles,fungi,Mites,Biocontrol
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12532.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12532_66b2f26901f33498557d8d8f464f2931.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Studies on Biology of Ascid mite, Blattisocius keegani (Acari: Gamasida: Ascidae) When Fed on Two Astigmatid Mites at Different Laboratory Conditions
35
41
EN
Essam
M.A.
Yassin
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Asmaa
R.
Abd El-Khalik
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
M.
M.
El-Sebaay
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
S.
A.
Osman
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12538
<em>Blattisocius keegani</em> (Mesostigmata: Ascidae) is a predatory mite that has<br />traditionally been studied as a biological control agent in stored products.<br />The developmental time (incubation period, life cycle and longevity), fecundity<br />and food consumption of the predatory mite <em>B. keegani </em>(Fox) (Ascidae)<br />were investigated at 25 and 35°C and 75% R.H when fed on the two astigmatid<br />mites, <em>Rhizoglyphus echinopus</em> and <em>Lepidoglyphus destructor</em>.The<br />incubation period of <em>B. keegani</em> was not affected when fed on the preys<br />at tested temperature. The duration of life cycle for both sexes of <em>B.<br />keegani</em> was obviously affected by the type of food employed at different<br />temperature. The longest period lasted 12.6 days when predatory females fed on <em>R.<br />echinopus</em> larvae<br />at 25ºC, but the shortest period recorded on <em>L. destructor</em> larvae at<br />35ºC for predator males was 10.22 days.The female longevity of <em>B.</em> <em>keegani</em> was also affected<br />when the predator fed on the two tested preys at two temperature, as the maximum longevity was 26.7 days for female at 25ºC on <em>R. </em><em>echinopus</em><br />larvae, and the minimum corresponding period was 16.54 days for male on <em>L. destructor</em> at 25ºC. The<br />adult female of <em>B.</em> <em>keegani</em> laid the highest number of eggs (41.6)<br />when fed on <em>R. echinopus</em> at 35ºC, while the lowest number of eggs was observed<br />when fed on <em>L. destructor</em> larvae (35.4 eggs) at 25ºC. The food consumption of the different predator stages<br />increased with its growth. The larval stage of both female and male had the<br />least prey consumption than the other stages (protonymph and deutonymph) and<br />the predator male individuals consumed lower number of introduced prey than the<br />female individuals. The total amount of consumed prey individuals during<br />the whole life span was 88.9 larvae of <em>R.</em> <em>echinopus</em> at 25ºC, changed to<br />record 98.0 preys at 35ºC, while, the number of devoured <em>L. destructor</em><br />was 81.6 and 87.2 prey at 25 and 35ºC, respectively. The <em>B.</em> <em>keegani</em><br />male devoured 80.0 & 85.0 larvae of <em>R. echinopus</em> and 74.8 & 80.7<br />larvae of <em>L. destructor</em> at 25 and 35ºC., respectively.
Blattisocius keegani,biology,food consumption,Prey,Rhizoglyphus echinopus,Lepidoglyphus destructor
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12538.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12538_2b47c18d84478ef526ba25fb1be134f8.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Biological and Biochemical Alterations Associated with Sterility Induced by Gamma Radiation on Parents and First Generation Males of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
43
51
EN
Rehab
Mahmoud
Sayed
Natural Products Research Department, National Center of Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
rehab.omar@yahoo.com
Nagwan
Fahmy
Zahran
Natural Products Research Department, National Center of Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12645
The efficiency of substerile gamma radiation dose on biological, biochemical analysis of the essential nutritive components (total protein, lipids and carbohydrate concentrations), and the sexual hormones (free testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone) of male <em>Helicoverpa armigera </em>(parent generation P and first generation F<sub>1</sub>)irradiated as full grown male pupae were studied. The results revealed that there was a significant decrease in emergence percentage of P and F<sub>1</sub> generations with increasing radiation dose, which noted that the sex ratio of P and F<sub>1</sub> generations were in favour of male. The fecundity and fertility of P and F<sub>1 </sub>were decreased. However, the sterility percentage of P and F<sub>1</sub> generations was increased by increasing the radiation dose which was more pronounced in F<sub>1</sub> than in P. A negative significant correlation was found between both of the larval duration and pupation percentage of F<sub>1</sub> and the increase of radiation dose. The results indicated a significant decrease in the essential nutritive components (total protein, lipids, and carbohydrate concentrations) and the sexual hormones (free testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone). Furthermore, the reduction was more in F<sub>1 </sub>than in P males. In general, it was obvious that the substerile gamma radiation doses enhanced an inherited sterility in <em>H. armigera</em>. Therefore, it could be concluded that inherited sterility of <em>H. armigera</em> may contribute to reduction of insecticides application or may integrate with other safe control methods in controlling <em>H. armigera</em>.
Helicoverpa armigera,gamma radiation,hormone level,nutritive components
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12645.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12645_02dcd6a70d2eb19ab447aefc827bbd0e.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Scanning Electron Microscope of Genus Leichenum Dejean, 1834 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Tenebrioninae: Pedinini) in Egypt
53
63
EN
Neven
E.
Elmetwly
Plant Protection Research Institute, Giza, Dokky, Egypt
Dalia
A.
Elshewy
Plant Protection Research Institute, Giza, Dokky, Egypt
Manal
E. A.
Elshaier
Faculty of Science, Al -Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Galhoum
A. M.
M.
Faculty of Science, Al -Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12648
In Egypt genus <em>Leichenum</em> is represented by two species, <em>Leichenum mulleri</em> Grid., 1939 and <em>Leichenum</em> <em>pulchellum</em> Kust<strong>.,</strong> 1849. Few studies have reported on both species all over the world. Both species are difficult for species identification so, the present study was examined specimens by SEM and found microstructural characters that facilitate identification of them<em>.</em> A number of new characters were added to the previous e.g. shape of setae and other vestitures, shape and structure of the intercoxal processes and submentum, also some old characters were emended.
Taxonomy,SEM,Leichenum mulleri,Leichenum pulchellum,Egypt
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12648.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12648_f7619571f3a2a59b532986912984919b.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Relationship Between Number of Grafted Queen Cell Cups and Amount of Produced Royal Jelly in Honey Bee Colonies Apis mellifera L.
65
70
EN
Ali
M. A.
M.
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12651
The experiment curried out to study the effect of number of grafted cell cups on number and percentage of accepted queen cells and the amount of royal jelly produced. 45 queen cell cups fixed on three alternated rows (or 15 X 3) on one wide cell-bar (3.5 X 42 cm) were used. The experimental colonies were divided into four different groups; each group was received 45, 90, 135 and 180 queen cells/colony on one, two, three and four cell bars, respectively. The experimental colonies were grafted with 24hrs old-larvae and the royal jelly was collected after 2.5 days after grafting (i.e. when the larvae became 3.5 days-old) and three successive cycles (batches) of royal jelly production were processed at 2.5 days intervals. The data indicated that the amount of produced royal jelly increased by increasing the number of grafted queen cell cups to reach the maximum (49, 88 g/colony) when 180 queen cells were used. These amounts decreased to 17.50, 38, 84 and 45.29 (g/colony) when 45, 90 and 135 queen cell cups were used, with significant differences between them. Regarding the amount of produced royal jelly/queen cell, the honey bee colonies grafted with 180 queen cells on four wide cell bars significantly obtained less amount of royal jelly per cell (132.26 mg/cell), followed by those grafted with 135 queen cells in three wide bars (150.76 mg/cell). Whereas the honey bee colonies grafted with 90 queen cells in two wide bars significantly obtained the highest amount of royal jelly per cell (196.48 mg/cell). Irrespective the number of queen cells, the first graft (batch) produced signify.
Honey Bees,Apis mellifera,mass royal jelly production,wax queen cells,queen less colonies
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12651.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12651_3ffe02b8408331c5c1a880fd6ce96ea4.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Evaluation of Nutritive Value of Some Medical Plants for Honey Bee Colonies (Apis mellifera L.).
71
79
EN
Ali
M. A.
M.
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Rawdaa
Khalil
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12653
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different feeding treatments of some medical plantson brood production, population development of honey bee colonies and storage honey. Seven feeding treatments were carried out during March 2016to July2016. The feeding treatments were (sugar bush leaves (<em>Stevia rebaudiana</em>), moringa leaves (<em>Moringa oleifera</em>) in honey syrup (67%), tomatillo/jamberry (<em>Physalis peruviara</em>) in honey syrup (67%), guava (<em>Psidium guava</em>) in honey syrup (67%), coriander (<em>Coriandrum sativum</em>) in honey syrup (60%), honey syrup (67%) and sugar syrup (1 sugar:1 water).Colonies were equalized in number of frames covered with bees and brood areas and had young fertilized queen bees of the same age. Feeding was conducted at 10-day intervals with 500 ml syrup/colony of each treatment. The brood production and population development were recorded at 30 day-intervals. It was shown that brood production was significant highest in the honeybee colonies which fed on coriander, tomatillo/jamberry, guava and sugar syrup without significant deterrence between them (7083.17, 5652.58, 5287.08 and 6321.67 brood areas (Cm<sup>2</sup>)/colony), respectively. Population development and honey storage were significant highest in honeybee colonies which fed on coriander (9.17 frames bees/colony and 4.50 frames honey/colony). The group fed on sugar bush and moringa syrup significantly did not increase brood area and honey bee population as compared with other groups.
Honey bees Apis mellifera Feeding sugar bush,moringa tomatillo/jamberry guava coriander honey syrup sucrose syrup population development
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12653.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12653_eef3df9ca84b644be4acf67802487948.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Threshold Temperatures and Thermal Requirements for the Development of the Olive Leaf Moth; Palpita unionalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
81
88
EN
Hassan
F.
Dahi
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
Walaa
G.
Ibrahim
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
Amany
N.
. Mansour
Plant Protection Department, Desert Research Center, El Matariya, Cairo, Egypt.
Ahmed
I. 2
Imam
Plant Protection Department, Desert Research Center, El Matariya, Cairo, Egypt.
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12655
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Times; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: HI;" lang="EN-GB">Olive leaf moth, <em>Palpita<br />unionalis</em> (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the dangerous pests<br />attacking sapling olive trees and nurseries, tender shoots and ripening fruits<br />inducing economic losses. Accordingly, great efforts were dedicated to reduce<br />its infestation. The current study aimed to calculate temperature thresholds (t<sub>0</sub>)<br />and accumulated heat units (dd’s) for each stage of this pest as a primary step<br />for developing a forecasting system that will help to define the most precise<br />time for different control programs. The insect was reared under three<br />constant temperatures (17, 22 and 27°C each ± 1°C). The time required for<br />development through egg, larva, pupa and pre-ovipostion increased at lower<br />temperatures. The lower thresholds of development (t<sub>0</sub>) were 8.39,<br />11.46, 13.38 and 12.70°C for eggs, larvae, pupae and pre-oviposition period,<br />respectively. The average accumulated heat units required for their development<br />were 61.07, 238.81, 113.68 and 38.17 degree-days. On the other hand, the lower<br />threshold of development (t<sub>0</sub>) to complete a generation was 12.04°C<br />and the average accumulated heat units required for its development was 443.07<br />degree-days</span>
Olive leaf moth,Palpita unionalis,accumulated heat units (degree-days),temperature threshold (t0)
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12655.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12655_5160c2c6416bcf8f24d71ae60dcffc33.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
1687-8809
2090-0813
10
3
2017
05
01
Evaluation the Number , Duration Generation and Efficiency of Abamectin Against Some Pests Infesting Green Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Under Field Condition
89
98
EN
Mona
I.
Ammar
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Samia
M.
Abozeid
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Tarek
A.
Abd-El Rahman
2- Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
10.21608/eajbsa.2017.12658
Experiments were conducted in the experimental Research Station, Qaha, Qalubiya Governorate on the autumn of 2015 and 2016.The current study aimed to evaluation the number , duration generation and efficiency of abamectin against <em>Bemisia</em><em>tabaci</em> (Genn.), <em>Liriomyza. trifolii</em> (Burg.), and <em>Tetranychus</em><em>urticae</em> (Koch) infesting green bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>) under field condition and residue determination of abamectin in green leaves and green pods . During the 2015 season, the whitefly, <em>B.</em><em>tabaci</em> recorded two generations, but in the 2016 season, they were three generations. In ad dation, the leaf miner,<em>L. trifolii</em>was recorded three generations during two seasons 2015 and 2106. In casered spider, <em>T.</em><em>urticae</em> gave three generations in the 2015 season but in the second season gave only two generations. Especially, efficiency of Abamectin the results revealed that the highest percentage of reduction of Whitefly, <em>B.</em><em>tabaci</em> after 10 days (64.64 %) and the lowest reduction percentage (22.32%) after 21 day. <em>L. trifolii</em>, the highest percentage of reduction was after 21 days (28.64%) and the lowest percentage of reduction (18.17%) after 1 day. In case of<em>T.</em><em>urticae</em>,the obtained data indicated that the highest percentage of reduction of Spider mite after 3 days was (44.04%) while after 21 days was the lowest percentage of reduction (10.33%).Studying of the Abamectin residues on and in green leaves, unwashed green pods, washed green pods and boiling green pods recorded 7.98 ppm, 4.2ppm , 0.5 ppm and not detectable after two hours from spraying , washing processing cause dissipation 88.09 %loss from washed pods but in case boiling processing removed each Abamectin residues . The half-life measured in centuries Abamectin green beans leaves and unwashed green bean pods recorded 22.73 and 17.4 hours, respectively. The interval Preharvest (PHI) of Abamectin on the green beans pods for 17 day.
<strong>Recommendation :</strong>The paper recommended by abamectin spray on <em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em> against <em>Bemisia</em><em>tabaci</em> (Genn.), <em>Liriomyza trifolii</em> (Burg.), <em> </em> with prevent green bean pods collected before 17 days from spraying.
green bean,(Phaseolus vulgaris),Bemisiatabaci (Genn.),Liriomyza trifolii (Burg.),Tetranychus urticae (Koch),Efficiency,Abamectin,Pesticide Residues,half-life values (RL50),pre-harvest interval (PHI)
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12658.html
https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_12658_88c9301f976b36bcbf1934e906628040.pdf