Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology1687-880910220170401Role of Some Wild Herbal Extracts in Management of American Foulbrood in Honeybee Colonies1141266110.21608/eajbsa.2017.12661ENWaleed Kh. M.ElaidyDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, EgyptHasan M.FathyEconomic Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura Univ., Egypt,Dina M. A.TaksiraBeekeeping Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20170201<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Times; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: HI;" lang="EN-GB">American<br />foulbrood (AFB) is one of the most contagious and dangerous among honey bee<br />diseases. The causative agent is the Gram-positive bacterium, <em>Paenibacillus<br />larvae. </em>The crude methanolic extracts of three wild herbs and tylosin<br />antibiotic were tested against artificially AFB-infected honey bee colonies.<br />The laboratory tests revealed the safety of these crude herbal extracts for<br />adult honey bee workers. </span><em><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG; mso-fareast-font-family: Times; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: HI;" lang="EN-GB">Malcolmia<br />pygmaea</span></em><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG; mso-fareast-font-family: Times; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: HI;" lang="EN-GB"> (Cruciferae) extract was the<br />most potent </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Times; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: HI;" lang="EN-GB">in control the AFB disease<br />followed by <em>Marrubium alysson</em> (Labiatae) and </span><em><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG; mso-fareast-font-family: Times; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: HI;" lang="EN-GB">Lobularia arabica</span></em><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG; mso-fareast-font-family: Times; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: HI;" lang="EN-GB">(Cruciferae)<br /></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Times; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: HI;" lang="EN-GB">was the least effective herb.<br />Tylosin antibiotic was the weakest against the disease control, indicating to<br />the bacterial resistance. Hence, the three crude extracts surpassed tylosin<br />antibiotic, as well as they increased the workers brood rearing activity and<br />the amounts of stored honey and pollen when compared with the control colonies.<br />Perhaps, they enhanced the honey bees immune system. This suggests their<br />suitability as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in the control of other<br />honey bee diseases and in food and drug industries. Further detailed studies<br />are required to determine the constituents of the three herbal extracts and to<br />evaluate their therapeutic applications.</span>Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology1687-880910220170401Morphological Diversity of Buccopharyngeal Armatures in Susceptible and Refractory Sandflies to Leishmania major15241266410.21608/eajbsa.2017.12664ENAhmed B.DarwishDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez UniversityMaha K.TewfickDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez UniversitySaϊd A.DohaResearch and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams UniversityAhmed H.Abo-GhaliaDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal UniversityBelal A.SolimanDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez UniversityJournal Article20170205The morphological diversity of armatures in susceptible and refractory sandflies to<em> Leishmania </em>was studied using light microscopy. Large interspecific variations were detected in the size, shape and numbers of the pharyngeal armatures. <em>Phlebotomus papatasi</em> females have stout pharynx, narrowing after posterior bulge, armature consisting of numerous small scales with fringe of fine backward-pointing teeth and without cibarial armature or pigment patch.<em> Phlebotomus sergenti</em> females have a pharynx with large scales anteriorly, some produced into long broad spines, scales becoming broader and flatter posteriorly with hind margin serrated with fine teeth. Oppositely, <em>Sergentomyia</em> <em>squamipleuris</em> females have tapering pharynx abruptly posteriorly, with rows of angular teeth. Cibarium with convex rows of fine, parallel horizontal teeth, undulating row of vertical teeth and pigment patch small, tapering anteriorly, and broad, chitinised, transverse band are present. <em>Sergentomyia</em> <em>christophersi</em> females have pharyngeal armature with a few scale-like folds anteriorly and a series of vague ridges posteriorly. Cibarium with four or five long teeth, many small denticles visible, small pigment patch are present.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology1687-880910220170401Characterizing the Circadian Locomotor Activity of Drosophila melanogaster yellow white Mutants under Different Temperatures25361266610.21608/eajbsa.2017.12666ENEhabHassaneenDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, EgyptJournal Article20170207The circadian clock is an innate timing mechanism that regulates behavior and physiology of most organisms. It anticipates fluctuations in daily environmental conditions and synchronizes biological activities accordingly to maximize ecological fitness. Light is its major environmental entraining cue, but temperature also plays a prominent role. Mutations affecting clock control helped understanding clock mechanisms and their neurobiological and genetic backgrounds. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the <em>yellow white</em> (<em>y w</em>) mutation in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> fruit flies on the circadian regulation of locomotor activity under different temperature conditions. This mutation causes impaired melanisation, eye pigmentation loss, disturbed neurotransmitter distributions and levels, plus some behavioral alterations. These changes are expected to affect circadian regulation. Results revealed that <em>y w</em> mutant flies retained a functional circadian clock, although with some loss of robustness and plasticity to temperature fluctuations. Total daytime and the lights-on activity was higher in <em>y w</em> mutants under high temperature and lower than wildtype <em>CS</em> under lower temperature, while nighttime activity was always lower and lights-off activity was lower at lower temperature. Most importantly, <em>y w</em> mutant flies didn’t shift their morning and evening activity peaks sufficiently away from the light phase, in addition to having shorter siesta at all temperatures tested, compared to wildtype<em>. </em>In conclusion, the <em>y w</em> mutation seemed to disturb circadian control on locomotor activity, which exposes <em>y w</em> flies to higher levels of environmental risk by being active for longer time under high temperature usually correlated with light phase.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology1687-880910220170401Repellency Effect of Some Biochemical Extracts of Castor Bean Leaf on Two Sap-Sucking Insect Pests37471266810.21608/eajbsa.2017.12668ENAshrafHelmiDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptSahar A.AttiaDepartment of Scale Insect and Mealybug Research, Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20170211Two castor bean landraces; Grey Small Seeded Landrace (GSSL) and Red Medium Seeded Landrace (RMSL) were detected during this work using seed external features and molecular analysis by ISSRs technique. Leaves of the GSSL were heavy infested with the castor bean whitefly, <em>Trialeurodes ricini</em>, while the RMSL leaves were not infested at all with this whitefly. Main four biochemical groups; phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and tannins were analyzed in the two landrace leaves. Analysis results indicated highly significant differences between the two landraces in phenols, terpenoids, and tannins while no differences were detected in alkaloids. Repellency effect of phenols, terpenoids, and tannins extracted from whitefly-resistant castor bean landrace leaf (RMSL) on two sap-sucking insects; <em>T. ricini</em> and the striped mealybug,<em> Ferrisia virgata</em> was determined. Results indicated that the three extracts have repellency effect on <em>T. ricini</em> with PR of 69.3, 58.3, and 17.7% for phenols, terpenoids, and tannins; respectively. Also, terpenoids only showed repellency effect on <em>F. virgate</em> with PR 57% and phenols showed low repellency effect. While tannins showed attractiveness effect on <em>F. virgate</em>, so it could be used in traps for this mealybug pest. These results suggested that the three biochemical extracts from castor bean had a repellent and/or attractant effect on <em>T. ricini</em> and <em>F. virgata</em> and could be used as effective and environmentally sustainable bio-insecticides for controlling the two sap-sucking pests.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology1687-880910220170401Impact of Infestation Different Percentages With Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) ( Diptera: Tephritidae) on Qualitative Changes of Olive Oil49561266910.21608/eajbsa.2017.12669ENHeba MohamedElnagarPlant protection Research Institute- Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, EgyptMohamed Hassan AbdelrahmanSolimanplant protection Research institute Agriculture research Center, Dokki, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20170215Olives,<em> Oleaeuropea</em> (L) (oleacea) are one of the main fruit crops, infested with olive fruit fly,<em> Bactrocera oleae</em> (Rossi). Trials were conducted in olive orchard at the a private farms , Ismailia Governorate ( on Cairo- Ismailia roadway, Kilo 96), during 2016 season. The present study was aimed to determine effect of infestation different percentages of <em>Bacterocera oleae</em> to olive fruits on free acidity percentage as oleic acid, peroxide value (P.V.), rancimat, K232, 270 and Validity. The results illustrated that there are highly significant differences between infestation % and acidity percentage, peroxide value and rancimat. Also, the results indicated that there are positive correlation between infestation % and (acidity %, peroxide value) and acid % with peroxide value but there are negative correlation with other treatments. The obtained results revealed that the infestation percentage affect by 99.1, 95.2 and 88.4 %on rancimat, acidity % and peroxide value, respectively. Also, the obtained results showed that acidity percentage and peroxide value increased with increasing infestation %, but augmentation infestation % cause lowest rancimat and validity, where recorded peroxide value was 4.28 meqO<sup>2</sup>/ kg. Oil in treatment olive fruit free from any infestation compared with olive oil extracted from olive fruits damage4.9 meq O<sub>2</sub>/ kg. Wherever, the treatments recorded 4.48, 4.5, 4.51, 4.6, 4.64, 4.67, 4.7, 4.8, 4.85 and 4.9Meq O<sub>2</sub>/ Kg. olive oil in case of 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 80, 90 and 100 % infestation. Also, results of this study showed that K 232 value ranged between 0.15 to 0.23 low from 2.6, while in case of K 270 the values ranged between 1.8 to 2.33nm.
<strong>Recommendation</strong>: The paper recommended use decontrol to reduce injury rates whenever possible to maintain the quality of the oil and augmentation overstocking period.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology1687-880910220170401Micro-Organisms Supplementation to Mulberry Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.57641267310.21608/eajbsa.2017.12673ENRehab H.TahaPlant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.Soliman S.A.Dairy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo, EgyptHamzah M.KamelPlant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, AL-Azhar Univ., Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20170216Probiotics are viable, non-pathogenic microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Mulberry leaves supplemented with <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiaen </em>(yeast)and<em>Bifidobacterium bifidum </em>(bacteria) probiotics were used to feed two silkworm hybrids. The impact of micro-organismsadministration was studied on larval, pupal and cocoon and shell weights. As well as, ERR, cocooning, pupation and cocoon shell percentages. Silk filament length, breaks and silk % were recorded. Digestive enzymes (Protease, Invertase and Amylase) were estimated colorimetricaly. The results revealed that, <em>B.</em> <em>bifidum</em> and <em>S.</em><em> cerevisiae </em>improved most tested parameters comparing with control. The effect of probiotics may be dependent on the tested <em>Bombyx mori</em> hybrid. Renditta that stands for the quantity of cocoons required for producing a kilogram of raw silk was significantly improved in all supplemented groups either for<em> B.</em> <em>bifidum</em> or <em>S.cerevisiae</em>. The lowest cocoon kilograms required to produced one kilo of raw silk was (5.97±1.85) recorded for hybrid 2 treated with <em>B. bifidum</em>.There is a pronounced increase in the activity of protease, amylase and invertase in probiotic treated worms than control.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology1687-880910220170401Occurence of the Ectoparasites Infesting Rattus rattus and R. norvigicus at El-Menofia Governorate, Egypt65711267410.21608/eajbsa.2017.12674ENYounis A. E.EisaPlant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt.A. M.RizkPlant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt.E. M.A.YassinPlant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20170220The ectoparasites arthropods of rodent infesting animals and human have gained much attention in Egypt. The most important rodents in Egypt are Roof rate, <em>Rattus</em> <em>rattus</em> and Norway rate, <em>Rattus norvegicus</em>. Parasitological survey of these rodent species in El-Menofia Governorate (different regions) during summer season, 2016 was infested with various species from arthropods such as 6 mite species, 2 tick species and one lice species. The collected mites were <em>Dermanyssus</em> <em>sanguineus</em> (Dermanyssidae), <em>Orithonysus</em> <em>bacoti </em>(Macronyssidae),<em> Haemolaelaps</em> <em>glasgowi</em>, <em>Laelaps nuttalli</em> (Laelapidae); <em>Radfordia </em>sp. and <em>Myobia</em> sp. (Myobiidae). In this study, the ectoparasitic ticks were represented by two species i.e. <em>Rhipicephalus</em> <em>sanguineus</em> and <em>Hyalomma</em> <em>dromedarrii</em> (Ixodidae). On the other hand, the ectoparasitic lice on <em>R. rattus</em> and <em>R. norvegicus</em> at El-Menofia Governorate were represented by one species, <em>Polyplax spinulosa</em> (Polyplacidae). The present study showed that the lowest number of trapped rats was 15 rats at El-Bagour district with 71 parasitic mites, 61 lice individuals and 25 tick members but the highest number of trapped rats was recorded at Menouf region (51 rates) infested with 262 different mite numbers, 23 lices and 40 tick individuals. The lowest number of parasitic mites was 69 members at Ashmoun district and the highest lice number was found at Ashmoun (943 lices) but the lowest number was recorded at Menouf (23 lices), while El-Bagour region included the lowest number of ticks (15 individuals) and the highest number was found in Quiesna (125 individuals). The current study indicated that Ashmoun district had the highest number of collected rat ectoparasites (1028 individuals), but the lowest region was El-Bagour, as, it included 147 ectoparasites individuals (mites, lice and ticks).Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology1687-880910220170401Yield losses caused to potato plants by potato tuber worm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) and its economic levels at Qalyubyia Governorate73791267510.21608/eajbsa.2017.12675ENYoussef E. Y.AbdallahDept. Plant Protection, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20170228The present investigation was carried out at Qalyubyia Governorate, Egypt during 2015 and 2016 summer plantations to estimate the losses in potato yield due to the infestation with <em>Phthorimaea operculella</em> (Zeller) and calculate the economic levels for its infestation. Results revealed that percentage of infested tubers was the most effective variable on potato yield than either number of larvae or number of holes/tuber. The correlation between these three variables and the yield was negatively highly significant. The explained variance values ranged between 89.08 and 92.35% for both years of study, respectively. The calculated economic threshold level (ETL) ranged between 15.68 and 21.50%; while the economic injury level (EIL) ranged between 24.97 and 26.61%.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology1687-880910220170401Using New Cage Type for Keeping Virgin Honey Bee Queens with Investigating Impacts of Feeding Type and Number of Attendant Workers81871267710.21608/eajbsa.2017.12677ENHossam F.Abou-ShaaraDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, EgyptMona I.ElbanobyDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, EgyptJournal Article20170301Under normal conditions, each honey bee colony contains one queen. Queenless colonies are mostly supplied with new queens using commercial caged queens. In some countries, caged virgin queens are commonly sold for such purpose. Keeping virgin queens for a long period is essential for marketing and shipping purposes. In this study, a new cage type (round plastic cages) was compared with traditional wooden cages to identify impacts of cage type on queens’ survival. Also, the impacts of solid diets as well as number of workers in a retinue on queens’ survival period were investigated. The results showed that round plastic cages can enhance queens’ survival slightly higher than wooden ones. Honey candy was the best feeding type followed by creamed honey which can be used as a potential alternative especially for short caging period. Queens survived longer when five or seven attendant workers were added better than using three workers. It could be said that using plastic cages provided with honey candy and 5 or 7 attendant workers can enhance the survival of caged virgin queens.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology1687-880910220170401Effect of Some Bio- insecticides against Tetranychus urticae Koch89941267910.21608/eajbsa.2017.12679ENNeeven F. ArafatArafatPlant Protection Research In stitute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki-Giza, EgyptJournal Article20170302Efficacy of fife bio-insecticides against <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> Koch. The most effective for controlling <em>T. urticae</em> , Marshal, followed by the botanical insecticide, Bemistop, Biosect, Admiral and Vertimec .Results revealed that, the addition of Marshal, at its half-recommended rate to Vertimec and/or Bemistop at two application rates had increased obviously their toxicity against and<em> T. urticae</em>.Than separately, and exhibited an additive effect at the two sprays. In addition, results obtained from addition of the botanical compound, Vertimec at 200 and 100 cm<sup>3</sup>/100L. to Admiral at its recommended and half-recommended rate at the two sprays increased its effectiveness than separately and induced an additive effect at two sprays with the two application rates. This increase was determined and termed as additive effect in which the total mortality of the combination is higher than the mortality of summation of each compound respectively.