Effect of Chrysanthemum Flowers Color on the Infestation by Chrysanthemum Aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette) under Glasshouse Conditions

Citation: Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci. (A. Entomology) Vol. 11(6)pp: 2127 (2018) Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences is the official English language journal of the Egyptian Society for Biological Sciences, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Shams University. Entomology Journal publishes original research papers and reviews from any entomological discipline or from directly allied fields in ecology, behavioral biology, physiology, biochemistry, development, genetics, systematics, morphology, evolution, control of insects, arachnids, and general entomology. www.eajbs.eg.net Provided for non-commercial research and education use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use.


INTRODUCTION
Chrysanthemum flowers consider one of the important cut flowers in Egypt and around all over the world.It is called (The Autumn flower), and sometimes called (The Autumn king).This because its flowers appear during autumn months (October-November-December).It's found from oldest countries, it became one of the most popular flowers for people all over the world.This is due to their beautiful colors, style of flowers, tolerant the inferable weather factors and possibility cultivation it in different conditions both in open field and under greenhouse conditions.
Chrysanthemum flowers infested with a large scale of insects such as aphids insects and other insects groups.Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette) consider one of the most dangerous insects which infested chrysanthemum flowers both in open field and under glasshouse conditions, Sumei, et al. (2014) reported that aphids and especially Chrysanthemum aphid M. sanborni have caused great damage to chrysanthemum production and affected seriously on the flowers both in quantity and quality under glasshouse conditions.Yanming, et al. (2010) found that Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni represent the most destructive of chrysanthemum pests to cultivation and caused many damages to the flowers.Wang et al. (2014) reported that aphids have caused great damage to chrysanthemum production.
The aim of this work is studying the effect of six colors of chrysanthemum flowers (yellow, green, red, orange, violet and white) on the attraction of adults and nymphs of Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present investigation includes the effect of flowers color of chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium Fam.Compositae on the attraction of Chrysanthemum aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette) during season 2017 in two locations Giza Governorate and Qaluobiya Governorate under glasshouse conditions.

Experimental Design:
This study was conducted on six varieties (colors) of chrysanthemum (yellow, green, red, orange, violet and white) which grown in Giza Governorate and Qaluobiya Governorate during 2017 season under glasshouse conditions.Chrysanthemum varieties (colors) were cultivated at the same time in a timely manner for the cultivation of chrysanthemum seedlings in August.And in the same area, which was three plots for each variety (color).The area of each plot was 3x5m, this area was completely isolated in the two parks.Then it was conducted all agricultural operations in a manner quite similar in the two parks.The normal and recommended agricultural practices were applied, also no chemical control against insects was used during the whole experimental period.
With note the degree of infestation of flowers with Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni in various stages of plants.It is proven accurate observations of the infestation with aphid of chrysanthemum plants and there are very slight differences and ineffective in vegetative growth stages of plants, all in the two localities of the study, but when it seemed the appearance of flowers of different colors seemed a remarkable difference in the infestation with aphid.Directly counting was done weekly during the duration of the presence of flowers during the period (October-November-December).

Statistical Analysis:
This study was carried out to study the effect of flowers color of chrysanthemum on the attraction of individuals of the Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni , data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by L.S.D. test at 0.05 level, using SAS program (SAS Institute, 1988).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study was carried out to study the effect of flowers color of chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium Fam.Compositae on the attraction of individuals of the Chrysanthemum aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette) at two locations (governorates) Giza Governorate and Qaluobiya Governorate during 2017 season under glasshouse conditions.In this study, six flowers colors (varieties) of chrysanthemum (yellow, green, red, orange, violet and white) were tested for study the effect of flowers color on the attraction of adults and nymphs of the Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborn In both the two locations seedlings of chrysanthemum were cultivated in the glasshouses at the same time in a timely manner for the cultivation of chrysanthemum seedlings in August.The infestation with the chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni adults and nymphs began to appear on the 1 st September and increased gradually on the leaves during vegetable growth in a similar manner at all chrysanthemum varieties, but mean numbers of M. sanborni began to different on chrysanthemum varieties when flowers appeared in the Autumn period (October-November-December).
It can be arranging the flowers color of chrysanthemum for attracting of the Chrysanthemum aphid (adults) as follows: yellow, green, red, orange, violet and white.
Statistical analysis in (Table 1) showed that highly significant differences between the six flowers color (varieties) of chrysanthemum on attraction adults of the Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni whereas (F 0.05 = 367.9&L.S.D. 0.05= 1.93).
It can be arranging the flowers color of chrysanthemum for attracting of the Chrysanthemum aphid (nymphs) as follows: yellow, green, red, orange, violet and white.
Statistical analysis in (Table 1) showed that highly significant differences between the six flowers color (varieties) of chrysanthemum on attraction nymphs of the Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni whereas (F 0.05 = 164.32&L.S.D. 0.05= 5.54).It can be arranging the flowers color of chrysanthemum for attracting of the Chrysanthemum aphid (adults) as follows: yellow, green red, orange, violet and white.
Statistical analysis in (Table 2) showed that highly significant differences between the six flowers color (varieties) of chrysanthemum on attraction adults of the Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni whereas (F 0.05 = 436.5&L.S.D. 0.05= 1.83).
It can be arranging the flowers color of chrysanthemum for attracting of the Chrysanthemum aphid (nymphs) as follows: yellow, green, red, orange, violet and white.
Statistical analysis in (Table 2) showed that highly significant differences between the six flowers color (varieties) of chrysanthemum on attraction nymphs of the Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni whereas (F 0.05 = 175.42&L.S.D. 0.05= 5.63).
The obtained results are agreed with those recorded by Ibrahim (1997), who found that sticky yellow trap catching the highest number of aphids on potato and dominated the corresponding number captured of aphids by water pan trap.Labonne et al. (1989) compared three kinds of traps for catching alate aphids flying near the canopy of grassland, 55000 individuals representing 93 species (or species groups) were taken.Samples taken in sticky thread traps and suction traps were very similar, but those in yellow water pan traps gave more numbers of the abundant species only.Fereres et al. (1999) found that Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Rhopalo siphummaidis (Fitch) preferred alighting on intensely (highly saturated) yellow than on green (plant-like) or brown (soil-like) ceramic tiles, and expressed no preference for landing on leaves infected with soybean mosaic virus (SMV) or on chlorophylldeficient soybean leaves.Allan and John (2007) found that Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) populations were attracted less to white than to other trap colors.Yudin, L. et al. (1987) found in their experiments which were conducted to determine color preference of thrips, aphids and leafminers in lettuce farms at Kula, Hawaii that white traps caught thrips and aphids less significantly than the 14 other colors tested.
Fig.(1):The efficiency of various flowers colors of chrysanthemum for attracting adults and nymphs of the Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni in Giza Governorate during 2017 season.

Table ( 1
): The mean numbers of adults and nymphs of the Chrysanthemum aphid, M. sanborni attraction with different flowers color of chrysanthemum in Giza Governorate during 2017 season.