Investigating the Insecticidal and Repellent Potential of Oriental Hornet, (Vespa orientalis, Linnaeus, 1771, Vespidae) Venom against the Common House Mosquito (Culex pipiens, Linnaeus, 1758, Culicidae)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

2 Honeybee Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract

Background: Mosquitoes are notable public health threats because of their role as disease vectors, causing considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current mosquito control methods face challenges (insecticide resistance, ecological impacts, etc). Bioinsecticides, particularly those from natural sources like hymenopterous venoms, offer a promising alternative due to containing bioactive compounds that can disrupt vital physiological processes in insects. Aim of the Study: Assess the efficiency of Vespa orientalis venom as a larvicidal, pupicidal, and repellent agent against Culex pipiens mosquitoes, as a natural alternative to synthetic mosquito control methods. Materials and Methods: Vespid hornets were collected from nests near honeybee colonies using sweep nets. Venom was extracted by electroshock method, purified via gel filtration, and analyzed with HPLC. C. pipiens were reared under controlled conditions. Larvicidal and pupicidal assays were conducted by exposing 3rd instar larvae and newly-moulted pupae to venom concentrations. Mortality was recorded at intervals up to 72 hours. Repellency was assessed by applying venom to pigeon hosts and exposing them to starved female mosquitoes, using distilled water and DEET as controls. Results: V. orientalis venom showed significant larvicidal, pupicidal, and repellent activities against C. pipiens. Larvicidal assays indicated increased mortality with higher venom concentration and longer exposure. Lethal concentrations (LC25, LC50, and LC95) decreased over time, showing cumulative toxic effects. Pupicidal assays revealed moderate effectiveness, with higher mortality at increased concentrations and longer exposure. The repellent effect was dose-dependent, with higher venom concentrations achieving greater repellency compared to DEET. Conclusion and Recommendations: The venom of V. orientalis demonstrated significant larvicidal properties and moderate effectiveness as a pupicidal agent against C. pipiens, alongside a moderate level of repellency towards adult females. Its efficacy was enhanced at elevated concentrations and extended exposure durations. The environmentally friendly characteristics of the venom suggest its viability as a sustainable substitute for chemical pesticides within integrated pest management strategies. Additional research is essential to refine its application methods, improve its effectiveness, and guarantee safety for the environment and non-target organisms.

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